Definitions of electronic management and its use and some Arab countries in the use of electronic management

Electronic administration in the Arab countries (requirements and challenges)

Doctor: Walhi Al-Mukhtar - University of Mohamed Boudiaf / M'sila

summary

The use of information and communication technology in administrative performance has become an inevitable necessity due to the great advantages it enjoys, and for this reason countries competed to exploit and use it, to move from traditional management to electronic management, and to keep pace with the rapid global developments, especially in the management of public utilities.

The Arab countries were not immune to this development, to varying degrees. Some countries adopted a clear strategy for this, including the Arab Gulf states, led by Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates. They took huge steps that made them advanced in the world, according to recent United Nations reports. The rest of the countries are still facing many challenges in order to reduce the gap between them and other developed countries, due to several factors distributed between administrative, financial, technical and other human factors, but these countries can improve their ranks in this field, if there is political will first, and the introduction of the requirements of applying management Secondly, electronic technology, and thus getting out of the circle of underdevelopment, because the criterion for progress now, according to United Nations reports, is the extent to which countries are able to keep pace with the information revolution and the inevitability of its implementation.

Keywords: e-governance, Arab countries, application requirements, challenges

Electronic administration in Arab Countries(Requirements and Challenges)

Abstract

The use of information and communication technology in administrative performance has become imperative because of its great advantages. Therefore, countries have chosen to exploit and use it to move from traditional administration to electronic administration and to cope with rapid global developments, especially in the public utilities' management.

The Arab countries have not been immune to this development and to varying degrees. Some countries have adopted a clear strategy to do so, including the Gulf states, led by Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates. They have made great strides in terms of global progress, according to recent UN reports. It is still facing great challenges in order to reduce the gap between it and other developed countries, due to several factors that are administrative, financial, technical and human, but these countries can improve their ranks in this area if there is a political will, electronic government , and thus out of the circle of underdevelopment because now the standard progress reports by the United Nations is the ability of the states to keep up with the information revolution and the inevitability of its application.

Keywords: electronic administration, Arab countries, application requirements, challenges.

Introduction

In recent years, the world has witnessed rapid developments in all economic, social and political fields, which resulted in the need for management to change its approach and method of work in order to be able to keep pace with this development and achieve the growing desires of society at the lowest cost and as quickly as possible.

Since it is the modern administration that guarantees the development of the public utility in the age of technology and communication, this requires it to be based on three basic pillars:

Transparency, accessibility, and keeping up with the rapid developments, and this will only be achieved by moving from regular activities to electronic activities, by integrating information technology with electronic management, which aims to get rid of administrative difficulties and obstacles that hinder administrative work, and thus reduce procedures and speed in their implementation, which results in He has to increase the efficiency of administrative performance to achieve quality in service for the public utility.

Because the criterion for progress now, according to the reports of the United Nations, is the extent to which countries are able to keep pace with the information revolution and the inevitability of applying it according to their capabilities, the response of the countries of the world was uneven, as the developed countries entered this technological world of electronic management easily and quickly, while other countries did not. Within its reach, whether due to its inability to adapt, or the absence of a clear strategy to face this challenge, and among these countries we find the Arab countries.

The electronic administration in the Arab countries has reached advanced stages in a few of them, as it occupied very advanced ranks in the recent reports of the United Nations, but the rest of the countries are still facing great challenges in order to reduce the gap between them and other developed countries, and to get out of the The circle of underdevelopment and the use of electronic services in the development of administrative work, especially in the management of public utilities in the country.

Accordingly, the research problem revolves around:

- What are the requirements for applying electronic management in Arab countries and what are the challenges they face?

A group of questions fall under this problem, including:

- What is the concept of electronic management?

- What are the requirements for electronic management?

- What is the reality of electronic management in some Arab experiences?

- What are the challenges facing electronic administration in the Arab countries?

In order to answer this problem, two axes were addressed: the first: the nature of electronic management and the requirements for its application, and the second axis: the reality of electronic management in Arab countries and the challenges facing its application.

The first topic: the nature of electronic management and the requirements for its application

The rapid technological developments and the advancement of means of communication and information technology have led to a change in the methods of public utilities from traditional to electronic, as it has become imperative for Arab countries, like the countries of the world, to keep pace with change, which is a feature that indicates progress, and this necessitated facing difficulties And the challenges of interacting with the era of digital technology to improve administrative performance through what is known as electronic management, this term that has become associated with the ability to use electronic methods and exploit the information wealth, which is reflected in the effectiveness of administrative management and improving the quality of public facilities.

For the application of electronic management, there must be requirements that must be met, whether they are related to strategic planning, interest in those in charge of it, and other administrative, economic, social or technical requirements.

The first requirement: the nature of electronic management

The concept of electronic management is broader than the presence of computers, software, the Internet and other technologies, as it is a comprehensive management of various aspects of operations in order to improve the services provided to the citizen[1].

Accordingly, I found several definitions of electronic management, and there is a similarity between this term and other terms that must be examined, in addition to defining the characteristics and functions of electronic management.

The first section: Defining electronic management and distinguishing between it and some terms

E-governance has been defined by many researchers and interested parties, as well as organizations, and this term may be similar to other terms, and therefore some definitions must be presented first, and then clarify the difference between it and similar things, such as e-government and e-business.

First: definition of electronic management

The electronic administration has been defined by several definitions, including what is complex and what is simplified, whether by international bodies or by specialists in this field. For its electronic public services of value, and to communicate with those seeking to benefit from public utility services with more democracy by enabling them to use electronic means of communication through a single portal »[2].

And there are those who define electronic management as: «dispensing with paper transactions and replacing the electronic office through the widespread use of information technology, and converting public services into office procedures, and then processing them according to sequential steps previously implemented»[3].

The World Bank defined electronic administration as: «a modern term that refers to the use of information and communication technology, in order to increase the efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of the government in the services it provides to the citizen and the business community, and to enable them to obtain information in a way that supports all government procedural systems and eliminates corruption And giving citizens the opportunity to participate in all stages of the political process, and related decisions that affect various aspects of life »[4].

The European Union has also adopted a definition of electronic administration that says: “It is a government that uses information and communication technology to provide citizens and the business sector with the opportunity to deal and communicate with the government, using various methods of communication such as phones, faxes, smart cards, kiosks, e-mail and the Internet. Organizing the government itself in administration, laws and regulation, and setting a framework for improving and coordinating methods of delivering services and achieving integration between procedures »[5].

Accordingly, electronic management can be defined as the total reliance on information technology in administrative work to improve it in order to respond to the growing requirements of the individual, through planning, organizing, leading and controlling with high efficiency, quickly and at the lowest cost, while ensuring the confidentiality and security of information at any time and anywhere.

The concept of electronic management:

There were many definitions of electronic management at the hands of many researchers, and each definition focused on the point of view of its owner and his perception of the concept of electronic management and its various dimensions in a look. 2004: 127) his definition of electronic management as the administrative process based on the distinct capabilities of the Internet and business networks in planning, directing and controlling the resources and core capabilities of the company and others without limits in order to achieve the company's goals

And he defined it (Ali Al-Salami, 2004: 20) that electronic management is an entrance and a new management methodology based on the assimilation and conscious use of information and communication technologies in practicing the basic functions of management in organizations of the era of globalization and continuous change.

As for (Alaa Abdel-Razek, 2008: 32), he defined it as dispensing with paper transactions and replacing the electronic office through the widespread use of information technology and transforming public services into office procedures that were processed according to sequential steps implemented in advance.

(Dean, 2000:6) defined it as the ability to provide services and goods by non-traditional means, that is, electronic means that enable access to information of interest to the public of beneficiaries (customers) of any institution and to complete the exchange between the concerned devices and the public of beneficiaries of its services at any time, place and on The basis of equality and justice among all those involved in public services

While (Ahmed Ali Ghoneim, 2006: 149) defined electronic management as the transition from the performance of work in management from the traditional manual method to the application of information and communication techniques using computer technology, and the international network of information (the Internet) to provide services to beneficiaries that verify or exceed their satisfaction

As for (Nael Abdel Hafez, 2003: 263), he defines it as using the product of the technological revolution to improve the level of performance of institutions, raise their efficiency, and enhance their effectiveness in achieving the desired goals.

The researcher defines electronic administration in education as management based on the use of modern technology, which is represented in: the use of computers and the international information network.

(Internet) in the performance of various administrative tasks, to improve the level of performance of the educational institution, raise its efficiency and enhance its effectiveness in achieving the desired goals.

Through the previous definitions, it is clear to us that electronic management is one of the new concepts that have emerged in the administrative work, through which modern technologies are used and benefited from in the administrative functions of planning, organizing, controlling, directing and correcting so that the administrative work is more effective and at a high quality level

The objectives of electronic management:

There are many goals that the electronic administration seeks to achieve through the optimal use of information and communication technology.

Mahmoud Mohamed Fathi (2006: 424) has seen that one of the most important goals of electronic management is the following:

1. Direct goals that can be translated into material gains such as:

Fast completion of work, reduction of working hours, reduction of the use of papers in administrative work, and the possibility of performing work remotely.

1. General indirect goals that are difficult to translate into tangible material gains, such as:

reducing errors related to the human factor, compatibility with the rest of the world, especially developed countries, and increasing and strengthening the competitiveness of organizations

As for (Raafat Radwan, 2004: 3), he saw that the objectives of electronic management are as follows:

1. Managing and following up the various departments of the organization as if it were a central unit
2. Concentrating the decision-making point in its work points while giving greater support in monitoring it
3. Collecting data in a unified manner from its original sources
4. Reducing obstacles to decision-making by providing and linking data
5. Using information technology to support and build a positive corporate culture among all employees
6. Providing data and information to beneficiaries immediately< /li>
7. Continuous learning and knowledge building
8. Increase the interdependence between employees and senior management, follow-up and management of all resources

Nael Abdel Hafez, 2003: 266 adds some Objectives, including the following:

1. Developing management processes and enhancing their effectiveness in serving the institutional goals
2. Ensuring accurate, sufficient, timely and continuous information flow
3. Creating the environment and organizational climate suitable for comprehensive and continuous administrative research and development
4. li>

Also, (Mahmoud Nasser, 2003: 2) added the following objectives:

1. Improving the level of service performance
2. Reducing administrative complications
3. Reducing costs for service seekers by saving time and effort, and for the implementing agency by dispensing with huge buildings to receive auditors and storage tanks for transactions. And reducing the need for large numbers of employees
4. Achieving maximum levels of beneficiary satisfaction

Also, (Ali Hussain, 2006: 14-34) added two other goals:

1. Eliminating bureaucracy in its rigid concept, and facilitating the division of labor and specialization in it
2. Increasing the level of quality of operations, as business organizations adopt quality as an integrated approach, especially with the emergence of what is known as total quality management, and the efforts of organizations to During the adoption of electronic management to strengthen and devote the concept of total quality management in all operations of the organization.

   1. Enabling managers to perform their work in a better way

   2. Helping them to follow up regularly on the methods of performing school work in all its stages

   3. Provide new ways to do school work instead of spending time on repetitive routine work

   4.Works to focus managers on the important supervisory aspects instead of paper written work

   5. Contributes to detecting problems that hinder the workflow in order to avoid them before they appear

   Accordingly, it can be said that the main objective of electronic management is to use advanced technology to provide high-quality services to beneficiaries with the least possible time, effort and cost, and to improve their professional performance.

   Dimensions of electronic management:

   The dimensions of electronic management, as indicated by (Abdul Hamid Abdel Fattah, 2005: 111), are as follows:

   1. Paperless management: where electronic archives, e-mail, directories, electronic diaries, voice messages, and automated follow-up application systems are relied upon.
   2. Remote management: where electronic communication, electronic conferences, and other modern means of communication
   3. li>
   4. Management in open time: where work is 24 hours a day, regardless of day or night
   5. Management without rigid organizations: work is done through networked institutions and smart institutions that rely on the knowledge industry

   Reasons for switching to electronic management:

   The various developed and developing countries seek to transform the concept of electronic management, and this transformation needs to provide many requirements, long-term plans, and a gradual process according to the variables in each society.

   The researcher can summarize the reasons for the shift to electronic management, as mentioned (Mohammed Al-Metwally, 2003: 3).

   1. Improving the performance of educational institutions through:

   - better communication and greater connection between the departments of the same institution, which would provide services

   - Opening up to the outside world and learning about modern technologies in providing services and simplifying administrative procedures

   1. Providing new models of electronic services such as: e-learning, which is intended for learning by means of computers and their various software, whether on closed or open networks or the Internet, which is open, flexible learning
   2. The absence of paper documents for services Electronic where the service is provided without the exchange of paper documents.

   Elements of electronic management:

   The electronic management consists of four basic elements, as mentioned (Saad Ghaleb, 2005: 24): the computer and its hardware components and peripherals, computer programs, communication networks, knowledge makers from experts and specialists who represent the human and functional structure of the electronic management system

   These elements can be explained as follows:

   1. Computers:

   He mentioned (Abdullah Ali, 2007: 27) that the computer is one of the most important pillars that contributed to increasing human interaction With the machine, his role was not limited to the usual aspect of dealing with it directly to perform a specific work, but rather went beyond that to the use of his techniques in many inventions and devices that serve man in various aspects of his life. The modern computer that we see and use in our daily life has gone through several stages until He reached this level of competence and ability, and the stages of his development included two main aspects, namely:

   - Hardware or physical components: It represents the tangible components or devices that make up the computer

   - Software systems, which represent the intangible components, which are operating software systems and application software systems

   Components of a computer are divided, as shown by (Yusuf Bassem, 2005: 24) into four sections, which can be explained as follows:

   –Main Memory: It is characterized by its great speed in providing places for storing information for the processor, because it is built entirely of electrical circuits, so it is usually relatively higher in price compared to secondary memory and less in storage size, and is characterized by its loss of data And information when power outages

   - Secondary memory: It is characterized by its large storage capabilities compared to the main memory, in addition to retaining data when the power is cut off, such as: magnetic disks, magnetic tapes, hard disks, and optical disks, and it is also characterized by its relative slowness in data transfer compared to the main memory. This is because they are linked in their movement with mechanical devices

   1. Computer Programs:

   It is a group of programs that are used to operate a computer and to take advantage of its various capabilities. It is called software, as indicated (Muhammad Suleiman Mahmoud, 2005). 8) Classify them as follows:

   1. Communication Networks:

   Networks appeared as a natural result of the development of the computer, and the amazing increase in its speed and capabilities, as mentioned (Yahya Muhammad, 2004: 157) Which means that it can be used by more than one beneficiary at the same time through independent input units that are spatially and temporally different, and this is expressed by connecting via networks or network operation, and the word network here means connecting a group of computers together directly by means of a special cable, or via Through wired or wireless telephone lines, or via satellite, for the purpose of obtaining and exchanging information and data between these computers.

   1 - Intranet Intranet

   He defines it as indicated by (Rashid Abdullah, 2005: 121) as the internal network of the organization that allows employees and associates of this organization to obtain data and information and exchange them within the organization, while opening new channels of communication between employees, regardless of the size of this organization and the extent of its parties Geographically, the intranet achieves many benefits for the organization, including, for example: resource management, information and reports, and customer or public information bases, as well as the advantages it provides to facilitate the work of employees, creating an effective communication environment with video and audio, and dissolving geographical differences between the various parts of the organization.

   2 - The organization's internal network, the Extranet

   Defining it as a private Internet, allowing some strangers to enter it, from anywhere and at any time, via the Internet, but with specific powers and restrictions. A special pattern with some customers who are interested in what is happening inside the organization and how its operations are going. This applies to government organizations that require communication with some categories of the public or officials within the scope of certain services. The extranet is protected by a security system that ensures that entry is not allowed except for those who have the right to do so.

   3 - The World Wide Web, the Internet

   Internet, which means the Internet linguistically as indicated by (Mohamed Hassan Nofal, 1, 2003), is the interconnection between networks, as it consists of a large number of computer networks scattered around the world, whose interdependence with each other is governed by a unified protocol.

   It is defined by (Ibrahim Al-Far, 2007: 178) The Internet is a huge network of computers connected to each other and spread around the world

   As indicated by (Musa Abdullah, 2008, 69-70) that the word (Internet) is an English word consisting of two parts (Inter), which means (between) and the second (net), which means (network), and the Arabic and literal translation of it is the network intra

   Among the benefits and importance that (Ibrahim Al-Far, 2007: 177) referred to the Internet for the educational institution are the following:

   1 - Providing an effective mediator, and an appropriate solution for the circulation and flow of information

   2- Facilitating the offering of various programs in various fields, administrative and technical, teacher training, special publications, announcing exam results, study dates and calendar.

   4- Linking schools with the ministry in specialized lists to exchange views on the development of the educational process

   5- Holding meetings and meetings remotely to improve the performance of the professional competencies of school principals and teachers, and to exchange opinions in a manner that benefits speedy decision-making.

   6 - Submitting daily reports on the regularity of the educational process within the school

   7- Follow-up statistics for the stability of teachers in a school and an indication of the deficit and increase in some disciplines of the subjects

   8- Following up the implementation of the curricular plans from the beginning of the academic year

   9- Following up on the percentage of students' absence and attendance to work on reducing dropouts

   10- Placing newspapers, magazines and periodicals in the form of pages so that everyone can follow them

   11- Achieving easy and direct circulation of student records and data

   12- Facilitating registration, admission, transfer and graduation procedures

   13- Facilitating the provision of teaching and educational services by making videos for some academic subjects and announcing various activities such as courses, meetings and conferences.

   1. The human element:

   They are the specialized experts working in the field of knowledge, who represent the human and functional structure of the electronic management system, and they are the most important elements in it, and they represent the digital leaders, managers and analysts of knowledge resources, And the intellectual capital in the organization and take over the elements of electronic management, as indicated (Saad Ghaleb, 25:2005).

   Functions of Electronic Management:

   The electronic administration performs administrative functions such as planning, organizing, controlling and making decisions, as indicated by (Saad Ghaleb, 22:2005) through information technology systems within the organization on the one hand, and it also performs operations to link the organization with the influential category (government agencies and agencies) and that With the aim of developing the organization's relations with its external environment

   (Abboud Negm, 2004: 235-236) added that the digital revolution has led to deep and wide changes in the business environment, its methods, the way it is organized, the sources of its competitive advantage, and much more. These changes can be noted through the following:

   1. Moving from managing things to managing digitals
   2. Moving from managing physical activity to managing virtual activity
   3. Moving from face-to-face management to remote management
   4. Transition from hierarchical organization based on the chain of command to network organization
   5. Transition from task-centered or employee-centered leadership to technology-centered leadership - beneficiary
   6. Transition from administrative time To the time of the Internet
   7. Moving from oversight (comparing actual performance with the planned) to real-time direct oversight
   8. Moving from leading others to leading oneself

   In view of the novelty of the term electronic management, there are some other terms in use that are often confused with electronic management, including electronic government and electronic business.

   01- Electronic government

   This term is also relatively recent, and for this reason there are several definitions of it, whether through the World Bank or the United Nations, or through writers, each according to the perspective that it adopts [6], and there are those who use the term e-government instead of electronic administration, but by comparison The common meaning of e-government, in the constitutional sense of government, may be that there is a mismatch between the meaning of “government” in the two matters, because the government’s task is to set public policy, while the administration’s task is to implement public policy, and the latter can be done in a digital way [7].

   Among the most important Arabic definitions, we mention: “It is the ability of the government to improve the services it provides to the citizen through the use of technology” [8], and there are those who express the term electronic government as smart government S.M.R.A.T and abbreviated (Smrat) [9], as well Some writers in this field believe that the term electronic management is more accurate, because what is meant is not the exercise of governance in an electronic way, but rather the management of technological matters, whether at the central or local level [10].

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   02- E-Business

   It is the conduct of all functions carried out by the administration through an electronic network connected to each other, as well as connected to the information network, that is, electronic business includes both trade and marketing as well as electronic management, that is, converting all traditional functions into electronic form.

   The second section: characteristics of electronic management

   Electronic management has several characteristics that distinguish it from traditional management, summarized in the following:

   First: speed management

   This is due to the use of the computer instead of the traditional work, as it made it possible to provide the information and data required in the performance of services at a very fast speed.

   Second: Management without paper and without time

   Where paper dealing is dispensed with and replaced by mail, electronic archive, voice messages and automated follow-up, as well as the electronic service around the clock, which enables the citizen to obtain the service at any time he desires.

   Third: management without error

   The electronic administration provides the service according to a program and a database, as it gives accurate and certain results that have no room for error.

   Fourth: Management based on cost reduction

   Since in the electronic administration, many stationery tools are dispensed with, as well as the passage of more than one employee and other costs when performing the service traditionally.

   Fifth: Managing ease of use and simplifying procedures

   This is by reducing bureaucracy and shortening the stages of completing transactions, and the number of departments contributing to the fulfillment of requests and interests of the public [11], meaning that the electronic management system is based on ease of use by completing procedures smoothly and simply, and thus accessing information quickly.

   Sixth: Management based on transparency

   The electronic administration reduces uncertainty and corruption, as it transforms the relationship between the administration and the citizen from one filled with confidentiality.

   To a transparent and harmonious relationship, i.e. the establishment of administrative democracy and openness of administration to the public[12], thus increasing citizens' confidence in it.

   Seventh: Management characterized by continuous change

   The electronic administration regularly seeks to improve and enrich what exists and raise the level of performance, whether with the intention of satisfying customers, or with the intention of excelling in the field of competition, and therefore it is always in a state of continuous change [13].

   The third section: electronic management functions

   The administration has several basic functions that will develop public service and radically transform traditional management methods. These functions are as follows:

   First: planning

   Planning is considered one of the most important functions of electronic management, because it is defined as a mental process and as an emotional identification of work programs, as well as an endorsement based on studied facts and estimates [14], and electronic planning is characterized by the following advantages [15]:

   - It represents a dynamic process in the direction of broad, flexible, immediate and short-term goals that can be identified and continuous and continuous development.

   - It goes beyond the traditional idea of ​​division of labor, whereby all employees can contribute to electronic planning at any time and place.

   - It is more effective in keeping abreast of developments through the ability to access the new, based on the rapid flow of information across the local and global network.

   Second: organization

   Organization is a function of the manager that involves defining the activities to be accomplished, to achieve the desired goals, and identifying the individuals who will carry out these activities [16].

   The electronic organization is more effective and flexible, because it allows for cooperation and communication between the various administrative workers everywhere and quickly, through an internal management network in light of the transformation of modern electronic management, in which a new organizational structure known as the matrix organization, which is based mainly on units, has emerged. And from the organization that highlights the role of the direct chief to the multi-line organization, and from the detailed regulations to the self-managed teams, and from centralization to the multiplicity of centers of power [17].

   Third: Oversight

   Traditional control comes after planning and implementation, as there is a time difference between detecting deviation and its treatment, while electronic control allows immediate monitoring, which allows us to reduce the time gap between detecting an error or deviation and correcting it, because it is a continuous and renewed process that detects deviation first. Through the continuous flow of information [18].

   Which leads to an increase in achieving electronic trust and loyalty, whether between employees and management, or between beneficiaries and management, which means that electronic control is closer to trust-based control [19].

   Fourth: leadership

   Electronic leadership makes the manager to be everywhere and have all the information, and communicate with all workers on the internal network, or with customers via the external network [20], and electronic leadership is divided into three types [21]:

   01- Scientific Technical Leadership

   It is known as the leadership of a sense of confidence, as it is based on the use of technology and is characterized by increasing the provision of information and improving its quality, in addition to the speed of obtaining it. Speed ​​of movement, response and initiative in conducting business and making decisions.

   02- Soft human leadership

   It is represented in the need for a leader who is characterized by professionalism, increased knowledge, and good dealing with customers. Soft leadership is also characterized by a high ability to manage competition and access to the market, with a focus on the element of innovation in providing services to customers.

   03- Autonomous driving

   It requires a set of characteristics that a leader must have in online business management, which makes self-leadership characterized by the ability to motivate oneself, focus on accomplishing tasks, and the desire to take initiative, in addition to high skill and flexibility in adapting to developments in the changing environment [22] .

   The second requirement: the requirements and stages of applying electronic management

   The electronic administration is considered one of the most important aspects of the electronic government, which connects citizens with various administrative institutions through the use of modern communication technology, as it reduces the citizens' review of government employees directly to obtain government services, as well as the possibility of linking the citizen to more than one department that provides joint services [ 23].

   In order for electronic management to succeed in any country, there must be material and non-material elements that make it capable of performing the work entrusted to it, and achieving the goals it seeks for all sectors [24], and accordingly, to find out the methodology for applying electronic management, the application requirements must be known, then The stages of the application process.

   The first section: requirements for the application of electronic management

   Through international experiences, especially the successful ones in developed countries, many capabilities and requirements must be available for the transition to electronic management, the most important of which are:

   First: Administrative requirements

   These requirements are represented in the following set of elements:

   01- The need to develop a strategy for building and establishing plans, which may include a department or an authority at the national level that has the functions of planning, monitoring and implementing e-government projects [25].

   02- Providing the infrastructure for electronic management, by building an advanced information system by providing appropriate technology and keeping abreast of its developments.

   03- The need for a qualified workforce with the skills and capabilities, which makes them able to work in an electronic environment, by determining the skills and capabilities that must be available in the employees.

   04- Developing the administrative organization and bringing about fundamental changes in the administrative structures and government departments, where jobs are dispensed with and new ones are created, keeping pace with the shift to electronic management.

   05- Developing the necessary legal legislation for this transformation, by enacting legislation that defines the legal framework that regulates the dissemination of information and the preservation of secrets and guarantees the rights of all concerned parties, as well as defining punitive measures for those involved in cybercrime.

   Second: Economic and social requirements

   The process of transitioning to electronic management requires social mobilization that is auxiliary and absorbing the need to switch to electronic management, and is aware of the advantages of applying technological means in administrative work, with the help of the media and civil society associations. This transformation process also requires the allocation of sufficient funds to cover spending on Electronic management projects, and this is what results in organizations obtaining information quickly, improving service and ease of communication, as well as reducing the cost of exchange and reducing economic distances between dealers [26].

   Third: Technical requirements

   This element constitutes the basic and essential basis for the transformation of electronic management, because it represents the devices and technologies necessary for the success of the project, and the provision of these devices, equipment and programs and making them available for use on the widest possible scale, is one of the requirements for the success of electronic management [27].

   Fourth: Security requirements

   One of the most important challenges facing the application of electronic management is the security of information, whether it is related to saving or storing it electronically, or its confidentiality between institutions and making it available securely for all, and this will not be possible without developing accurate security policies for information technologies.

   The second section: the stages of applying electronic management

   To apply electronic management, there are a set of stages that should be followed to implement electronic management, namely:

   First: the stage of emergence and emergence

   It is the stage of unilateral communication by the government departments, as the latter puts information about it on the Internet in order to be viewed by the public.

   Second: the reinforcement stage

   At this stage, these sites should serve as two-way means of communication, meaning that government departments and institutions post information, and at the same time these sites receive citizens, and answers to them are provided along with the services provided by the electronic administration [28].

   Third: the interaction stage

   It requires a radical shift from traditional administrative work to electronic administrative work, and this is through a comprehensive reform of the administration, as well as addressing the beneficiaries of the services provided directly via the network On line.

   Fourth: The stage of procedural transactions

   At this stage, government departments and institutions exchange information and mutual communication between them and citizens and the business sector, and this is done by receiving government services and paying financial dues at any time and always on the line.

   Fifth: the stage of integration

   This is the last stage that requires the design of the website or what is called the interface, which works on the integration of government services

   Online, which is the most difficult stage, because it requires giant databases on all individuals and institutions, where the service requester can obtain them through any unit to provide the service, no matter how many parties you deal with, and this stage requires a very high cost [29].

   The second topic: the reality of electronic management in Arab countries and the challenges facing its application

   Many countries in the world have relied on what is known as electronic management in order to provide services electronically to their citizens, and to respond to the requirements of progress and development witnessed by the world of modern technologies, and no country has been excluded, whether developing or developed, and perhaps the Arab countries are among them Countries that have adopted the application of electronic management, but in a different way, as an attempt to provide services at the lowest cost, most efficiently, and as quickly as possible.

   From this point of view, there are experiences that have made great strides towards this, such as the Kingdom of Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and others, and others are trying to move from traditional management to electronic, but not at the required speed that it requires, given the many challenges and difficulties facing it in order to rehabilitate Human resources and the provision of new technology and interaction with it.

   Accordingly, the question arises about the reality of electronic administration in Arab countries (first requirement), and what are the challenges and difficulties facing some Arab countries in implementing electronic management (second requirement).

   The first requirement: the reality of electronic management in Arab countries

   The Arab countries have begun late to keep pace with the development in the application of electronic management as a result of several factors, but some Arab countries have made significant strides in this field due to the availability of several factors, the most important of which are: benefiting from foreign experience, availability of financial resources as well as political will, and among others These countries are the United Arab Emirates, the Kingdom of Bahrain, and others.

   The first section: some successful Arab experiences in the application of electronic management

   There are several successful Arab experiences in the field of applying electronic administration, some of which we will mention based on the United Nations reports on electronic government, which are published every two years by the Division of Public Administration and Development Management of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, which is based on a development indicator Electronic government

   E-Government Development Index (E.G.D.I).

   First: The United Arab Emirates

   The United Arab Emirates is one of the leading countries in the field of applying electronic administration, as Dubai e-government is considered a successful model for providing high-end services electronically, given that the Emirate of Dubai is a global economic center, and the Dubai government has initiated the transition to e-government in October 2001, The emirate's vision was summarized by formulating specific objectives for its project as follows[30]:

   01- Short-term goals, which are:

   - Developing the necessary technical infrastructure.

   - Providing a number of electronic services via the Internet.

   – Completion of transactions quickly and accurately.

   - Developing and improving internal procedures related to processing and completing transactions.

   02- Long-term goals for 2003, represented in:

   - Providing a greater number of services via the Internet (80% of services).

   - Provision of electronic services through new channels such as telephones.

   - Educating and preparing customers and employees and pushing them to benefit from electronic services.

   Among the services provided by the Government of Dubai, we find:

   - E-recruitment and finding out about job opportunities.

   - Issuance and renewal of licenses, certificates and all services related to government departments.

   - Bill payment service.

   - Electronic payment or debit from a bank account.

   - Visa, residence and car ownership services.

   - Online booking for rental and ownership.

   - Home security service in case of absence.

   - All banking transactions and many other electronic services.

   According to the e-Government Development Report issued by the United Nations Committee for Economic and Social Affairs for the year 2018, the UAE has achieved an important achievement by occupying an advanced position in the global index for electronic services, as it ranked sixth in the world, and it also achieved the second position in the infrastructure readiness index. Telecom Infrastructure «TII» in the world.

   Second: The experience of the Kingdom of Bahrain

   The Kingdom of Bahrain established the Information and e-Government Authority in August 2007 by virtue of a royal decree[31], whose role is to propose general policy for the implementation of the e-government program, and everything related to providing services, as well as the necessary legislation and facilitating communications between state agencies in the Kingdom, in addition to To provide support to government departments.

   In order to achieve this leap in the field of electronic management, the Kingdom has adopted a specific strategy represented in the following:

   01- The first strategy 2007-2010:

   This strategy focused on the integration of government agencies in order to provide government services as soon as possible and with high quality. Thanks to this strategy, the Kingdom achieved progress in the global ranking for the year 2010, as it ranked thirteenth in the world after it was ranked forty-second.

   02- The second strategy 2012-2016:

   This strategy came with more than 90 initiatives launched during the four years of the strategy, including, for example, the development of infrastructure and the issuance of legislation and regulations that contribute to creating a safe electronic environment, as well as the launch of new communication channels and others [32].

   The Kingdom has also provided multiple channels to customers for the success of its strategy represented in the following[33]:

   A- The e-Government Portal: It is a station for all e-government services, and it is considered a main channel through which all types of services are provided to individuals, the business sector, and the government.

   B- The National Contact Center: This center supports communication between citizens and government departments in the Kingdom and provides electronic services around the clock through a toll-free number.

   C- E-Government platforms: They are devices that are very similar to ATMs, and operate with a self-service system. The Authority launched it in 2009, then launched its upgraded version in 2016[34].

   D- E-Government Application Store (electronic device applications)

   This store is considered a unified window and a comprehensive wallet that collects all applications from several parts of the Kingdom. This store is used to download available applications to manage services, such as traffic services, bill payment, student results, geographic locations, and others.

   The Kingdom has received many international awards for its development in the field of electronic services and the development of its programs, which made it occupy an advanced rank globally, and among these awards we mention:

   - ICT Award for Sustainable Development 2015.

   - The United Nations Public Service Award 2014 in the category of the National Health Information System project, the National Contact Center project.

   - The United Nations Public Service Award 2013 in the category of government information management, “The Unified Platform for Service Delivery Project.”

   In addition to these two experiences, there are other successful experiences, including Qatar, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and others on the way to success, including Algeria, but there are other countries that are still far away.

   The second section: the current situation of the Arab countries through the reports of the United Nations

   In order to stand on the current situation of the Arab countries in the field of applying electronic administration, based on the reports of the United Nations on electronic government, issued by the Division of Public Administration and Development Management of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, we will focus on the reports issued starting from 2014.

   First: Survey elements approved by the United Nations

   The e-government survey issued by the United Nations measures the disparity in the adoption of e-government applications at the international level. This survey can be studied through the following elements:

   1- Scope and purpose of the survey

   This survey provides an analysis of the progress made in e-government and the mechanism for achieving the goals of sustainable development, directs emerging public administration issues, and measures the effectiveness of e-government in providing basic economic and social services to society in five sectors: education, health, work, finance and social care, in addition to the dimension environmental, which was added starting from 2012.

   2- Survey methodology

   The methodological framework for collecting and evaluating survey data is based on a comprehensive view of e-government, through the e-government development index (EGDI), which is based on three indicators:

   - Infrastructure Index: (TII). Telecommunication Infrastructure Index

   - Human Capital Index: Human Capital Index HCI.

   

   - Online Service Index OSI.

   The EGDI is calculated according to the following formula:

   E-Government Development Index EGDI = (0.34 x OSI Internet Service Index) + (0.33 x Infrastructure Index TII) + (0.33 x Human Capital Index HCI).

   The EGDI index is used to measure the readiness and capabilities of national administrations to use communications and information technologies to provide public services, and is based on an assessment of the presence of the Internet in countries, as it evaluates local websites and the extent to which e-government policies and strategies are applied in certain service sectors[35].

   3- The survey axes, starting from 2016

   - Facilitating integrated policies and services through e-government

   – Open government data for transparent, effective and responsible government institutions

   - Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al

   - Bridging the gaps with regard to advanced electronic services between countries

   These reports reflect the competitiveness of the 193 member states of the United Nations in the field of e-government readiness. These reports also provide an assessment of the actual progress in the general index of e-government development (EGDI).

   Second: Ranking of Arab countries according to United Nations reports

   We will only look at the situation of the Arab countries in the recent reports for the years 2014, 2016, and 2018. Through the following table, which is extracted from the reports of the United Nations [36].

   < td>21< tr>< td>118< td>Djibouti< td>193

   Ranked by report: 2018	Ranked by report: 2016	Ranked by report: 2014	Country< /td>
   26	24	18	Bahrain
   29	32	United Arab Emirates
   52		36	Saudi Arabia
   51	48	44< /td>	Qatar
   63	66	48	Oman
   41	40	49	Kuwait
   80	72	75	Tunisia
   98	91	79	Jordan
   114	108	80	Egypt
   110	85	82	Morocco
   99	73	89	Lebanon
   140	121	Libya
   155	141	134	Iraq
   152	137	135	Syria
   130	150	136	Algeria
   186	174	150	Yemen
   180	161	154	Sudan
   179	187	184
   183	184	174	Mauritania
   182	176	177	Comoros
   191	186	185	South Sudan
   193	193	Somalia

   From this table, the following can be seen:

   1: The status of the Arab countries through the United Nations report for the year 2014

   This report came under the title “E-government for the future we aspire to.” Bahrain ranked first and twelfth in the Arab world, followed by the United Arab Emirates in the Arab world and thirty-second globally, while Algeria ranked sixteenth in the Arab world and thirty-sixth after world cent.

   2: The status of the Arab countries through the United Nations report for the year 2016

   This report analyzes the mechanisms of e-government readiness to support the achievement of the goals of the 2030 Agenda and measures the disparity in the adoption of e-government applications, and the spread of communications and information technology at the international level.

   Bahrain ranked first in the Arab world and twenty-fourth globally, followed by the United Arab Emirates, while Algeria ranked fifteenth in the Arab world and one hundred and fifty globally.

   3: The status of the Arab countries according to the United Nations report for the year 2018

   This report came within the framework of implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Sustainable Development Goals) in its third year. This report focused on several topics, the most important of which is the use of digital technologies to improve ways of responding to challenges and enhancing the quality of life in societies, and this matter requires a high amount The flexibility of governments and their ability to adapt to developments and new technologies, to provide the best and most convenient services to individuals and businesses.

   As for the ranking of Arab countries, the United Arab Emirates ranked first in the Arab world and twenty-first globally, followed by Bahrain in a global ranking of twenty-sixth, while Algeria ranked twelfth in the Arab world and one hundred and thirty globally.

   A detailed table can be given for the three indicators on which the EGDI index was built (according to the United Nations report for the year 2018) to determine the role of each factor in relation to each country.

   < tr>< td>0.5399< td>98< /tr>< td>Somalia

   HCI Index	TII Index	OSI Index	EGDI Index	Global Competitive Ranking	Arab Competitive Ranking	Country
   0.6877	0.8564	0.9444	0.8295	21	01	UAE
   0.7847	0.4866	0.7986	0.8116	26	02	Bahrain
   0.6852	0.7394	0.7971	0.7388	41	03	Kuwait
   0.6683	0.6797	0.7913	0.7132	51	04	Diameter
   0.8101	0.5339	0.7917	0.7119	52	05	Saudi Arabia
   0.7013	0.8125	0.6846	63	06	Oman
   0.6640	0.4066	0.8056	0.6254	80	07	Tunisia
   0.7387	0.4406	0.4931	0.5575	08	Jordan
   0.6649	0.5219	0.4722	0.5530	99	09	Lebanon
   0.5278	0.3697	0.6667	0.5214	110	10	Morocco
   0.6072	0.3222	0.5374	0.4880	114	11	Egypt
   0.6640	0.3839	0.2153	0.4227	130	12	Algeria
   0.7173	0.3355		0.3833	140	13	Libya
   0.4860< /td>	0.2532	0.2986	0.3459	152	14	Syria
   0.5094	0.1840	0.3194	0.3376	155		Iraq
   0.3325	0.0691	0.2917	0.2401< /td>	179	16	Djibouti
   0.3873	0.1780	0.1528	0.3294	180	17	Sudan
   0.5166	0.0871	0.0972	0.2336	182	18	Comoros
   0.3467	0.1878	0.1597	0.2314	183	19	Mauritania
   0.4037	0.1454	0.0972		186	20	Yemen
   0.0000	0.0586< /td>	0.1111	0.1214	191	21	South Sudan
   0.0000	0.0586	0.1111	0.0566	193	22

   Through this table, it is noted that the Human Capital Index (HCI) is high in 15 countries (more than 0.5) compared to the other two indices, as the number of countries In which the index exceeds (OSI 0.5 is only 09 countries, which means that 13 countries suffer from poor Internet service, while the TII index exceeds 0.5) is only 06 countries, which means that 16 countries suffer from poor infrastructure, and Arab countries can be grouped into four groups according to their performance in The development of e-government is as follows:

   Very high (more than 0.75): UAE, Bahrain, EGDI index

   High (0.5-0.75): Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Tunisia, Jordan, Lebanon, MoroccoEGDI Index

   Medium (0.25-0.5): Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Syria, Iraq EGDI Index

   low (less than 0.25) Djibouti, Sudan, Comoros, Mauritania, Yemen, South Sudan, Somalia EGDI Index

   The second requirement: the challenges facing some Arab countries in the application of electronic management

   By studying the case of applying electronic management in the Arab countries, it is noted that the countries that have succeeded have been able to overcome obstacles and difficulties, such as the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and others. As for the countries that still have not reached the required level, they face different challenges that vary from the model To another, depending on the environment in which each administration operates. In general, most of the challenges that impede the advancement of electronic management programs in the Arab world can be exposed, represented in administrative, human, financial and technical obstacles.

   The first section: administrative obstacles

   The administrative obstacles are among the most important obstacles that impede the proper and rapid application of electronic administration in the country

   Arabic, because it includes several axes, the most important of which is the vision and goals that should be visualized, as well as planning, in addition to administrative procedures and methods.

   First: the vision and objectives that should be adopted

   The matter requires those in charge of government institutions and departments to have full knowledge of the main goals, especially its mission and vision, because this vision and mission has an impact in the present and future [37], and because it has been observed in many Arab countries the absence of an active and supportive political will to bring about a qualitative shift in the transition to electronic will, As well as the absence of bodies at high levels in government agencies that would take the necessary decisions to raise the electronic readiness index [38], and because the transition to electronic management represents a real challenge, an effective administration must bear the responsibility in informing its members of the following [39]:

   1- Information about the organization's current performance

   2- The current and future mission of the organization, as well as its current and future goals and aspirations

   3- What should be accomplished in the future and the methods to achieve this

   4- Information on the progress achieved by the organization over the years of its operation

   Second: planning

   Planning is considered one of the processes of utmost importance in making decisions and reaching the goals set with accuracy, and thus the transition from traditional management to electronic management, and since many Arab countries are characterized by planning weakness, and may be non-existent in some, the difficulties and obstacles that Planning objects in some Arab countries are represented in the following:

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   1- Shortage of human competencies

   2- Scarcity or acute shortage of necessary information and statistics

   3- Bureaucracy and complex administrative procedures

   Accordingly, there are many organizations in Arab countries that suffer from randomness in planning and not relying on a solid strategy in order to face the accelerating challenges, to adapt to modern technologies and to move to the desired electronic management.

   Third: Obstacles related to administrative procedures

   The routine and traditional administrative procedures of some Arab government institutions and departments are among the main obstacles to the transition to electronic management, as there are still some models in Arab countries, although they are based on computers, but they did not change the traditional administrative procedures in dealing, and therefore how can they move to the electronic system?

   Therefore, it is necessary to get rid of traditional administrative procedures and methods, rely on flexible methods that accommodate rapid change, and enter electronic administrative work.

   The second section: technical and financial obstacles

   Some Arab countries have been able to occupy advanced ranks in the use of contemporary information technology

   Because of their financial ability and control over the technical side, such as the Arab Gulf countries, and in contrast to the rest of the other countries, most of them have faced and are facing technical and financial challenges summarized in the following[40]:

   1- Weak financial resources allocated to electronic management projects, as well as the problem of technical maintenance

   2- The poor level of infrastructure and this is due to the high costs of processing

   3- Lack of financial resources to provide training programs and use information expertise in the field of highly efficient technology

   4- Difficulties in equal access to Internet services as a result of the high costs of use by individuals.

   In addition to the above and from the technical point of view, there is another factor represented in the fear and lack of conviction in electronic transactions, that is, the security concern, which is one of the biggest challenges facing electronic management, and to overcome this obstacle it requires the provision of technical protection tools that allow the user to deal with the digital environment to the extent Of trust and safety, with the need for two other elements: the legal dimension, which is represented in the necessary legislation to regulate protection and the educational dimension, by educating individuals about the risks to which data is exposed, and identifying the most important means of protection [41].

   Section Three: Human Obstacles

   The human element is one of the most important elements that depend on it in the completion and success of any development project, and with regard to electronic management, the individual is the main pillar, but many Arab countries suffer from a severe shortage of qualified people to adapt to the digital environment, and the human obstacles in these countries can be summarized as follows [42]:

   1- Information or electronic illiteracy, and the difficulty of communicating through modern technology

   2- Absence of training courses due to lack of sufficient funding

   3- Poverty and low per capita income

   4- The blurry vision of electronic management, as well as resistance to change and renewal, and lack of understanding of its objectives [43], and there are many obstacles that limit change and the transition to electronic management, including [44]:

   - The contradiction between the organization's needs and its goals

   - Lack of a high degree of flexibility in business environments

   - Lack of prior planning to exploit the calibration occurrence

   In addition to the above, there is another factor that constitutes an obstacle to the application of electronic management, which is unemployment, which is feared to affect some employees in their privileges and positions.

   The importance of using electronic management in school administration:

   (William Daves, 2000: 71) indicates that the technology used by the manager and does not include machines and devices are scientific methods that help in decision-making. Modern methods, methods, and means have appeared in developed countries, so the programmed budget was a substitute for The traditional budget, planning as a substitute for improvisation in moving towards the future, (and the data bank) and electronic brains as a substitute for traditional storage methods, and (systems analysis) as a substitute for individual decisions. This modern management technique is an expression of the administrative revolution, or a pattern of its patterns. Developed countries have found in this administrative revolution a necessity to develop life and advance the wheel of progress, and an expression of the technical progress that they have reached in various fields of life. On the road to progress in strides.

   He points out (Salah Gohar, 2003: 6-7) that there are many justifications behind the interest of the global and national community in applying the method of electronic management in the institutions of society, including

   1. Political justification: It is represented in expanding the circle of God in decision-making, and achieving a great deal of transparency and openness between the masses and the rulers. Focusing on quality
   2. Technological justification: represented in the growing revolution in the fields of communication and information
   3. Social and educational justification: represented in the unprecedented increase in the demand for education with the emergence of the educational institution to accommodate all children In the age of education, the masses in guiding education, increasing the demand to extend the compulsory period in education, the increasing strength of the role of audio-visual media in enriching the knowledge of citizens of all ages, increasing interest in the scientific and professional numbers of those who are nominated for educational administration positions, increasing interest in the school’s relationship with the environment and society in order to provide an environment Better education, increasing use of technological devices in carrying out some administrative activities without accompanying a similar interest in developing management methods. Educational, is to provide the information needed by the manager in making decisions, traditional management relies on data that is collected manually, which may cause a lack of correlation between them, and this data cannot help management in making sound decisions; Because it needs multiple stages to convert it into useful information for management.

      He adds, “The services provided by the computer to the school administration in the field of information and decision-making are as follows:

      1. Converting data in the administration into organized and interconnected information, as the computer is a tool for converting statistics and data into a management information system that helps the manager in thinking, making budgets, analysis, and evaluation of issues that decisions will be taken by the manager and his staff, and thus decisions are adopted. On scientific grounds rather than personal jurisprudence, relying on scattered old data

      2. The computer helps relieve pressure on the manager, and provides through programming all clear decisions, so that the competent employee can implement them without referring to the manager in every action he takes.

      3. Getting rid of the manual system in obtaining information that is often incomplete, and does not produce the information that the decision-maker needs, as it is greatly influenced by the opinions of the people who prepare it and present it to the administration.

      4. The speed of obtaining and retrieving information, storing it, reducing its size, reducing the effort and time in searching for it, and the administration’s reliance on modern records that help the administration achieve its goals

      5. The use of information systems through the computer helps in developing the performance of workers and breaking the barrier of using technology at work

      6. Avoid duplication of data when placing it on the computer

      7. The computer - connected to the Internet - helps in forming the electronic office, which helps the manager to supervise the work from anywhere.

      (Muhammad Ali Shihab, 2004: 79) indicates that working on office machines provides

      (25%) of the time of the workers and the reduction of paper work, and it is possible to take advantage of the computer as a good means to provide advanced administrative services such as:

      - Save a large amount of personal, technical and scientific information for all school employees, and retrieve it quickly and accurately

      -Monitoring students' grades in all subjects; Accuracy in the validity of information and results, as well as keeping records, lists and files of exam questions, and everything related to students and archive information.

      - Preparing and organizing the financial budget, the human energy needs of teachers, administrators and students, and the needs of books and furniture

      He (Hussein Hassan Al-Tobji, 2004: 38) believes that the introduction of computers in the administrative process is considered an interference in the life of the organization, which generates resistance to change, and the intervention takes place in an organized manner through the use of techniques adopted in administrative development, which emphasizes the importance of training when changing Work methods and the introduction of new concepts in the organization

      The researcher believes that the school principal can save the time allotted for routine work and use modern electronic technology for administrative work.

      (Fahey, 2001: 120) indicates that if we look at the tasks of the school administration, we find that they are many and varied. It includes the administrative process, supervision of the educational aspects, and human relations, as well as planning, organizing, coordinating, directing, and evaluating all that is related to the school.

      The administrative tasks carried out by the school administration include organizing school work, making study schedules and distributing them, ordering and distributing books, organizing school activities and providing school tools and equipment, inspecting the school building and taking care of students’ health aspects, cleaning the school, writing letters, reports and issuing circulars and pamphlets , supervising absence and attendance lists, preparing school records and implementing instructions received from the competent authorities, contacting parents, the teaching and administrative staff in the school, organizing school work, communicating instructions to others, facing problems from teachers and learners, informing teachers and administrators of instructions and regulations, and distributing Forms and autopsy and transfer forms to be filled out by teachers, supervision of administrators, supervision of the school canteen budget, and all requirements of administrative work in the school

      (Galliers, 2004: 207) adds that administrative and organizational duties usually occupy most of the administrative time, and this applies to the men of the educational administration, and most of their time is wasted in side and routine administrative work, and they do not find enough time to study the topics that they consider important. Major in their work, such as the technical aspects related to improving the educational process in its various aspects

      (Hamed Zahran, 2005: 79) indicates that although there are three levels of administration: educational administration, educational administration, and school administration, all of these departments benefit from computer technology according to the work carried out by each administration, and school administration It constitutes the basic rule for the other administration, given that the school principal is an educational leader in his school, where he can benefit from the computer fields in administrative and technical tasks, decision-making, communications, and meetings carried out by the school principal.

      He adds (Saad Yassin, 2005: 27) that the importance of electronic management is evident in its ability to keep pace with the huge qualitative and quantitative development in the field of application of information technologies and systems, where it can be called the fruitful information revolution, or the permanent information and communication technology revolution, in addition to that management represents Electronic management is a kind of strong response to the challenges of the twenty-first century, and the importance of electronic management is evident in its ability to deal effectively and efficiently with the changes that our present era is going through.

      From the foregoing, it is clear to us that the electronic management system has the ability to make a huge revolution in the method of performing the various administrative operations that are implemented within the school administration. Between different systems at the same time, which gives the school administration a competitive advantage over other school departments.

      Areas of using electronic administration in school administration:

      He points out (Hassan, 2006: 289) that the application of electronic management in the school administration does not mean the use of computers in education or teaching, but what it means is the management of the educational process within the school, or the classroom using computers, i.e. its use in any work It is directly related to the educational process except for the education or teaching process itself, and with the aim of applying electronic management to improve the educational process and increase its effectiveness by dealing with a huge amount of data, some of which are related to students and others are related to workers in the field of teaching, administration, statistics and examinations that can be computerized Contribute to addressing it accurately and quickly Uses of electronic management in school administration through the following figure: Areas of using electronic management in school administration

      The following is a presentation of the most important of these areas and aspects and what the electronic administration can provide to the school administration in each of them:

      First: the use of electronic management in the management of personnel affairs:

      He points out (Al-Lami, 2003: 57) and what is meant by personnel affairs here are the affairs of all school employees, including principals, agents, counselors, teachers, and others, who carry out the tasks of the school and undertake its affairs according to the basic tasks entrusted to them.

      He adds (Al-Lami, 2003: 58) and following up on personnel affairs is a process that requires a lot of effort and time, as many modifications must be constantly entered into the employee’s records in terms of new appointments, transfers and promotions, and matters relating to financial matters, social security, and the computer can In this field, he performs a variety of tasks

      1. Entering the data of all employees, their addresses, and everything related to them, which affects the responsibilities of the school administration, and keeping them in a more organized manner than others.
      2. Providing the types of services needed by the employees in the school at all levels, including administrators, teachers, and workers
      3. Follow-up the evaluation of employees through application programs related to follow-up performance, especially the basic duties that are required of them, and follow-up the work they do and the formation of different databases that enable them to be followed up more accurately and positively.

      Scope Personnel

      Second: The use of electronic administration in the management of school affairs:

      (Al-Saud, 2008: 53) indicates that the electronic administration through its special applications plays a major role in caring for the various affairs of the school and helps in identifying its current needs and estimating its future needs through the statistical information it provides and the various services it provides, for example. Example:

      1. Communication applications:

      It includes computer applications, software, and networks in the use of internal and external communication in entering data, information, notes, and directives that are related to the performance of daily work within the school, and communicating with parents of students. As well as communicating with the Ministry, education departments, other schools, and government departments, via e-mail, the school's website, and activating newsletters, voice and text messages via the Internet.

      1. Office applications:
      2. A - applications in word processing:

      And (Al-Manea, 2008: 23) indicates that many studies and research have indicated that the manager The school spends most of its time in clerical and routine work more than in educational work in supervising the educational process. Therefore, the word processor on the computer reduces the work of the clerical director, as it contributes to:

      - Preparing reports for work within the school or for the educational administration, saving and retrieving them when needed

      - Preparing the school plan

      - Ease of writing letters to parents and sending them via e-mail via the Internet without waiting in front of the device, so that parents’ e-mails are placed and sent via the Internet

      - Assistance in referring to letters and information related to administrative affairs in a speed and accuracy that is not available in traditional administration that does not use computer technology.

      b multimedia:

      And he adds (Al-Manea, 2008: 28) that the principal can use multimedia to present his ideas in a presented and interesting way, and PowerPoint (Power Point) is one of these media, through which he can present interesting presentations in the meeting of parents of students and meetings Teachers and multimedia contain sound, still images, animation, and video films, as used in instructions and instructions

      C - File systems, documents, electronic tables, and charts that can be used in the director's work for various statistical and illustrative purposes.

      1. Preparing the weekly lesson schedule:

      The computer assists the school administration in preparing the weekly lesson schedule and distributing it to teachers and students with the least effort and time possible by using some programs prepared for that so that adjustments can be made in Any time in the event of teacher transfers, the addition of a subject, or any modifications to the school structure, and among the benefits provided by the computer in making the schedule are the following:

      - It saves time and effort in writing the table

      - Production of various tables quickly and at a low cost

      - Helps plan and organize schools

      1. School supplies applications:

      Wisher (Eclids, 2004: 151) includes computer applications in building a file for all school supplies from school furniture, which includes the number of pieces of each type of Furniture, identifying the used pieces, the number of unused pieces, and safes in the warehouse

      1. School budget applications (financial record)

      Al-Najjar (2002: 28) points out that the budget of any school depends on the fees paid by students, allowances, grants, etc., and the school administration can To use the computer in dealing with financial matters, keeping them and distributing them to activities, according to certain percentages, and monitoring expenses and expenditures, to make it easier for accountants to audit them with ease and ease.

      1. School libraries applications:

      Wisher (Al-Najjar, 2002: 28-29) includes computer applications, software and networks in computing libraries and providing a database for searching for books, which helps The student and the teacher are among the pioneers of the library. It is easy to ascertain the presence of a specific book in the library, and to know its number and classification, and whether it is loaned or not, in addition to other information, by entering the title of the book or the name of the author.

      Third: The use of electronic administration in managing student affairs:

      (Al-Lami, 2003: 59) indicates that student affairs are all that is related to students and what is related to their affairs in the school in terms of public and private data according to what the school is entitled to obtain, as well as what is of interest to students within the school community, and what is related to their level of education and health, as well as their social conditions, which helps to play its role towards them.

      The electronic management services in this field include:

      1. Building an advanced school database for students to make the most appropriate decision:

      He indicates (Al-Ajmi, 2003: 251) that databases are among the important uses of electronic management that help the school principal in accomplishing Its work is simple and easy, as it uses the computer to organize the information and put it in a base that enables the principal to refer to it, search for it and use it to make constructive decisions, and this information can be updated and developed easily and placed on the Internet for the benefit of other school departments or the education department affiliated with it. For example, it is possible to build an advanced school database on students that deals with personal data, birth data, nationality, enrollment and dropout data, student flow in its various branches, quantitative development of student preparation, and modifications that occur to the entirety of this data in order to process it automatically by classification, tabulation, and tabulation so that it can be analyzed mathematically. To deduce information and indicators that indicate weaknesses in education methods, programs and levels so that each school can work to develop its activities and raise the level of education it is doing and make it better, in order to achieve the needs and future aspirations of society.

      1. Distribution of students according to grades:

      It is indicated (Al-Najjar, 2002: 27) that the computer can be used to make lists for each class or for each section, to facilitate the process of distributing students according to grades. For teachers of school subjects, copy this record, and add columns to it, to record the daily, monthly and quarterly information, store it and extract the final results for it, and this saves time and effort for the school administration and teachers alike.

      1. Follow-up the attendance and absence of students:

      And he points out (Al-Ajmi, 2003: 251) the computer is used to follow up the attendance and absence of students in one class or the whole school, and the teacher can program the computer So that he can enter in it daily, and even in every class, the names of the students who are absent from their class, and thus the computer can automatically inform the teacher about the absence of each request if it exceeds the permitted period of absence, and assigns him the dates for the absence, and the teacher’s reports about the absence of students can be merged Separate it by reporting the absence of all school students, by computer, then using the computer to write letters to parents informing them of the absence of their children.

      1. Extracting, analyzing, and evaluating students’ results:

      He indicates (Al-Najjar, 2002: 29) that the use of computers helps in monitoring students’ grades and extracting results with accuracy and least effort, in order to dispense with traditional methods. This is in addition to the possibility of using the computer to know the mathematical averages of students, the stability of school tests, the standard deviation, and the percentages for each class.

      The electronic tables represent one of the basic options for monitoring, preserving and analyzing grades, as they are characterized by accuracy and speed of completion, and when any mistake is discovered by one student, they correct all grades accordingly, as they save time and effort for the school administration, and it is possible through them to clarify students’ levels in forms Different charts, which helps in determining these levels to address deficiencies in the academic level.

      1. Maintaining and archiving health records for students

      The school administration needs to keep a record that contains personal information about each student related to his health in terms of his medical history, or any accident that the student is exposed to. In this record, it is supposed to be confidential, so that no one can see it except the school administration and the guardian, in order to facilitate the follow-up of the health status of the students, in order to treat it. The right way to deal with such cases, through the availability of some computer applications that are often available to the educational counselor, which help to quickly direct the school to the general staff to take the correct methods in dealing with emergency situations.

      1. Communicating with parents of students:

      (Al-Ajmi, 2008: 61) indicates that e-mail is one of the important services of electronic administration in providing contact with parents of students to discuss with them matters pertaining to their children. In addition to sending the results of the continuous evaluation periodically to the guardian so that he can continuously follow up on the learner.

      Student affairs field

      The researcher believes that if the electronic management is used in the management of preparatory education schools, this will save a lot of time and effort of the school principal, and help him overcome the problem of classroom overcrowding that our schools suffer from, memorize and memorize the written administrative works, as well as help in the process of Managing and facilitating school exams affairs, following up and evaluating teachers, communicating with other departments, socializing with parents of students and the local community, and reducing the economic and financial burden spent on paper, transportation and storage, which contributes to developing the efficiency of school administration and raising the level of its effectiveness.

      Requirements for applying electronic management:

      Electronic management needs to prepare the conducive nature of work, so that what is required of it can implement what is required of it in order to achieve success on the ground, and therefore it is necessary to provide many and integrated requirements for the application of electronic management, and among the most prominent requirements as indicated by (Nael Abdel Hafez , 2003: 269), which can be mentioned as follows:

      1. Social awareness of the culture of electronic management and its requirements: Since the shift towards electronic management is an integrated philosophy of values, goals, means and integrated systems, its translation into scientific reality requires many efforts and requirements, foremost of which is public awareness of the nature of this transformation and readiness whether Whether it was psychological, behavioral, technical, financial or other requirements to adapt to it
      2. Developing education and training systems in line with the new transformation: electronic management requires radical changes in the quality of human elements appropriate to it, and this means the need to reconsider education systems and training to keep pace with the requirements of the new transformation, including plans, programmes, methods and educational and training resources at all levels
      3. Providing appropriate technology and keeping up with its developments: i. Broad
      4. Providing qualified human resources and continuing their training continuously: that is, paying attention to planning the workforce and employing qualified personnel and continuing their training to keep pace with technological development in all its dimensions
      5. Developing the legislative framework and challenging it according to developments: that is, issuing laws, regulations and procedures Which facilitates the shift towards electronic management
      6. Rational financial planning and allocating adequate allocations: This means reconsidering the system of priorities and providing sufficient funds to carry out the required transformation according to a time frame appropriate to general conditions and institutional specifics
      7. Building a system Developed and updated information according to changes: The required information system must be characterized by comprehensiveness of all types of data, information, modernity, speed, ease of storage, retrieval, use, and readiness to serve public purposes. The appropriate legislative and institutional framework must also be developed for the effective linking of information systems at the various national and global levels.
      1. The commitment of the senior management to support and adopt the electronic management project
      2. Strategic planning for the transformation process towards the digital world
      3. Develop an integrated plan for comprehensive communications between all parties
      4. Focusing on studying the needs of beneficiaries and satisfying them
      5. Paying attention to the employees who provide electronic management services
      6. Integrated study of procedures and performance rates
      7. Focusing on the interdependence of service systems
      8. Focus on technical capabilities
      (Read more)Questions and answers about human resources management

      He adds (Saeed bin Mualla, 2003: 8-19) that among the most important requirements of electronic management are what can be mentioned as follows:

      1. Providing the infrastructure for electronic administration: It includes developing and improving the communication network so that it is complete and ready for use, absorbing the huge amount of communications at the same time, meaning that it achieves the goal of using the Internet. The infrastructure also includes providing appropriate digital technology from Equipping computers, devices, equipment, systems, databases and programs, as well as providing paper mail services and making all of this available for individual use. The security of information systems must be achieved, and self-monitoring systems must be established as much as possible. New security challenges, as information has become one of the most important wealth of individuals, societies, and even countries, which has led to the existence of several threats to that important resource, and their forms are as follows:
         1. Threatening to disturb the flow of information
         2. Threatening to exploit sensitive, confidential, proprietary and informational information
         3. Threatening to select information for illegal purposes
         4. Threatening to destroy information, Or destroy its infrastructure.

         Stages of applying electronic management:

         There are four stages agreed upon by researchers to apply electronic management before it can finally reach the stage of maturity, and these stages are as explained by (Saad Ghaleb, 2005: 225-223), namely:

         1. Publishing stage: it means publishing information on the web
         2. Interaction stage: it includes the movement of information in two directions, where management benefits from feedback information
         3. implementation or dealing stage: And it is for the purpose of online services and providing electronic facilities to beneficiaries, so that the beneficiary can perform self-service
         4. Integration stage: by including all traditional business activities and converting them into electronic form

         (Ali Al-Hammadi, 2004: 27) Three stages can be followed to apply electronic management, which can be summarized as follows:

         The first stage: The stage of administrative documentation, and this stage includes documenting the organizational structure, business paths, administrative procedures, job tasks, powers and services provided by the organization, listing the organization's clients, and conducting the process of administrative documentation of the current situation of the organization to be used in future developments

         The second stage:The stage of administrative development, or what is known as business re-engineering. In this stage, administrative development takes place with a technical perspective that takes into account the requirements of electronic management, such as taking into account the horizontal development of the organizational structure and not the vertical development, because the horizontal development It facilitates administrative procedures, unlike vertical development, which increases administrative procedures. Modern concepts in management can also be added, such as: total quality management, knowledge management. Thus, the organization's work is developed according to modern management concepts and taking into account the foundations and concepts of electronic management.

         The third stage: The technical development stage, which includes the development of all technical aspects, such as software, hardware, and technicians. The software development process includes analyzing all developed administrative work and converting it into computer applications.

         Obstacles to the use of electronic management in the school administration:

         A - Obstacles to the use of electronic management in the school administration:

         (Pavit, 2003: 55) indicates that there is no doubt that we aspire to achieve better goals and deeper goals by introducing electronic administration into education systems, so that we can keep up with the developments of the times, and keep pace with scientific and technical progress, and in order to start from where others left off, not We must seek help from those who preceded us in this field, and who faced many obstacles when starting electronic management applications in education. These obstacles are concentrated in two things, namely

         - Some educators are not convinced of the introduction of electronic management in education

         - Material and human capabilities

         And (Brown, 2003: 129) adds that although many developing countries have been able to acquire advanced devices and systems in the field of computer technology, most of them are still unable to fully benefit from the potential of these devices and systems and employ them as an effective tool. For the existence of a variety of sources of problems as the electronic administration as much as it carries the winds of positive change on the organizations that become more agile and quick in response, and more exchange of information and sharing of knowledge and less focus on the internal organization and more on the beneficiary, but that in exchange for all that, the electronic management faces There are many obstacles that must be faced and reduced. The most important of these problems are:

         1. Organizational and administrative problems:

         (Carison, 2005: 60-62) indicates that the organizational and administrative problems related to the application of electronic management are:

         - Lack of planning and coordination on activities related to the use of electronic administration

         - The various school departments, each separately and in an independent manner, implement the necessary applications for them

         - Lack of coordination in the diversity of devices and software systems used

         - Not connecting computers and systems to each other

         (Carison, 2005: 136) indicates that the administrative problems related to the use of computers in the educational administration are:

         - Some administrative leaders do not accept the processes of change and modernization in the way of work and organization

         - Adhering to old work methods and organizations

         - The inability to acquire the necessary skills for the new system is an advantage for the employee to be considered for promotion

         1. Human and financial problems:

         (Carison, 2005: 61) indicates that the human problems related to the use of computers in educational administration are:

         - Scarcity of technical cadres specialized in the field of computer use

         - The insufficiency of institutes and centers that provide rehabilitation or training in the field of computers

         - Its capabilities are not commensurate with the actual needs of these cadres

         - Fear or anxiety of using a computer

         - Resisting the impact of introducing technology on the jobs of individuals in terms of canceling some jobs or the need to rehabilitate some of them, and introducing new jobs related to technology.

         - The workers lack the necessary skills to use these devices

         - The high prices of devices, or the lack of a budget to buy them, with the difficulty of obtaining them when needed

         (Coollocot, 2004:136) indicates that the most important problems that stand in front of the application of electronic management in education is the lack of human resources, and it is not easy to provide human resources in a short time; Because there are opinions opposing the technology altogether, and here the problem becomes more complicated, as for the other problem, it is the material needs that the orbital needs, so the high cost of applying the use of electronic management in education is clear and tangible and not toxic if we know that the devices are renewed one day, whether at the level of programs or at the level of hardware And the resource problem can be overcome by:

         - Rehabilitation of human cadres through training courses

         - providing applications for computer-based management; So that it is of good efficiency

         Training teachers and technicians to produce administrative programs

         - Carrying out a detailed cost study before making any decision regarding implementation

         1. Technical and Technical Problems:

         It is indicated (Carlson, 2005: 82) that the technical problems using computers in educational administration are:

         - Difficulty choosing the right hardware and software

         - The speed of software development, which leads to major changes in existing systems

         - Not following scientific methods to determine the appropriate needs

         – Most of the available applications do not reach the level of common global applications

         - Operational issues and crash fixes

         (Fahey, 2005:66) points out that most hardware problems are common and similar in all countries, because they are purely technical problems, such as:

         - Mismatch between different types of computers

         - Lack of maintenance and spare parts

         - Computer technology is developing radically and rapidly

         1. The civilizational problem:

         (Mustafa Mohamed Essa, 2006: 79) indicates that the follower of the reality of most education systems in developing countries notices that there is no unified and general method in these countries to introduce Electronic management in the field of education, and the country that wishes to do so must carefully examine its accumulated experiences, the general cultural background of its educational system, as well as educational problems, in order to determine how to achieve such an achievement, and when introducing electronic management within the educational system, it must be obtained Clear answers table some questions, such as:

         - What are the aspects that may be added or removed from the educational system by introducing electronic administration into the educational system?

         - What is the level of competence that students will achieve from education in an electronically managed environment?

         - What are the changes that will occur in the education process?

         1. The environmental problem:

         (Brent Rowen, 2002: 218) indicates that environmental considerations arise because computers are constantly sensitive to factors, and they are also sensitive to physical factors, such as: vibration And mechanical and electrical shocks: Therefore, the devices must not be moved many times, and great care must be taken when moving them, as environmental difficulties lead to the disruption of computers in a short period compared to other countries. Environmental problems can be overcome by following the following:

         - Controlling the environment in which it is used in terms of air conditioning and dust purification using filters

         - Purchasing computers in comparison to better environmental hardships. Such devices exist, although they are more expensive than the available economical types.

         - With regard to electrical power problems, they can be solved by using computers that operate on lower energy requirements than normal.

         1. Acceptance and awareness formation:

         Collocot, 2004: 136-138 adds that it is necessary to take into account the attitudes and attitudes of users of administrative computer programs inside and outside the school community. Before the application of electronic administration, especially within educational communities, where the issue of acceptance and attitudes becomes more complicated, due to the overlapping concerns that come from the following questions:

         Is computer technology necessary? And if so, is it transferable and what was the result of previous similar experiences?

         Is it better for the state to design and produce its own computer technology, including hardware, software, training, research, and so on? Or do you modify the imported technology to suit it? Which depend or update?

         - Do the material sums spent on these devices have a positive impact on the administrative process in the field of education?

         1. Prepare and train workers:

         (Hussein Hamdi Al-Tobji, 2004: 91) indicates that the problem of preparing and training workers is one of the most important problems, and this problem can be overcome by providing More training programs in computer science, to qualify workers to produce administrative software, but the problem is that most of those who excel in it leave the teaching profession for programming jobs in the industry, and with that, one of the appropriate solutions is to continue training workers and put the use of computers in educational administration as one of the basic requirements In colleges of education, colleges of teachers and administrative departments of universities

         1. The individual's sense of helplessness due to his dependence on technology:

         Saladin Johar, 2003: 48 states that one of the most dangerous negative effects of the computer is that the individual develops a sense of helplessness due to his dependence on technology. Or a feeling of inferiority, and this is a reality now among computer users. Many of those who are accustomed to using word processing to edit letters find that they have problems with spelling and clarity of handwriting. In fact, they may not be able to edit a letter without using a computer. We must make sure that managers understand the operations on which the performance of the computer is based. This is how some management scholars see, while some of them see that managers practice these operations with their hands from time to time. Managers should also understand the capabilities of computers and their limits. When we use the computer to correct spelling errors He does not extract errors, but rather identifies the words that are not in the list of stored words and changes them to what he has

         1. Not developing the ability to communicate naturally:

         (Hamed Zahran, 2005: -96) indicates that there is a negative impact arising from the nature of computer input, which is that it often requires Responses, or commands, etc., and thus the managers do not develop the ability to communicate naturally, for example, training programs always require the learner to respond with a word or a letter, this matter speeds up the training, and uses the screen space in the best use, but it deprives the learners from the practice of communication The automatic event that they go through by communicating with the teacher, and to overcome this problem, managers should be encouraged to think about the problems before they respond to the computer with these short answers, so it is recommended that you use programs that require the learner to think highly.

         1. Stagnation in thinking:

         (Hamed Zahran, 2005: 97) indicates that it is possible for the computer to push the manager to stagnation in thinking, and this problem may affect his value standards, because If these devices have the greatest value in his eyes, he may conclude that the human element is less important, or that it has become just a trivial number in a computer, as expressed by the owners of the postmodern school, and to overcome this problem, the computer must be used as a tool as a tool. Used to achieve the goals of the manager who raises the human value

         1. Reducing human interaction in management:

         (Joseph, 2002:71) indicates that some managers believe that modern technology reduces the level of administrative work, and others consider it useful. It makes managers more efficient than before. Those who oppose the application of electronic management in the field of education believe that the application of electronic management reduces human interaction in management, and that the good use of electronic management makes the presence of the administrator unnecessary, because the beneficiaries will interact with these technological messages instead of dealing with them. Administration

         1. Development of standards:

         As indicated by (Joseph, 2002: 73) that the electronic administration faces difficulties that may extinguish its luster and impede the speed of its spread, and the most important of these obstacles is the issue of approved standards. What are the standards and what makes them necessary? If the educational authority has invested in purchasing educational materials in the form of books or CDs, it will find that it is incapable of modifying anything unless these books and disks can be rewritten, which is a complicated matter even if it is possible, and to ensure the protection of the investment of the authority that adopts the administration. An electronic must-have solution that is easily customizable and customizable

         1. The problem of security:

         (Collocot, 2004 188) indicates that electronic management raised risks related to the security of the organization in general, and what this means in terms of data security and electronic management operations via the Internet, and the reality Organizations are not only threatened by competitors and the speed of changes, but also by professionals from criminals and amateurs from hackers who are increasing the manifestations and forms of damage they inflict on electronic management, and to confront that, organizations resort to many means, for example:

         - Internal control tools: such as control over data, computer inputs, processing and outputs, control over software and hardware, etc.

         - External control tools: They are the tools used to protect operations from external parties, as in the case of encryption (encryption) and the use of firewall (firewall) as hardware and software placed between the internal network and the external network to protect beneficiaries from violations of external parties to their networks and the use of tools to protect transactions Online organizations, such as digital wallet, electronic cash, electronic signature, and digital certificate

         - Administrative control: It is the continuous administrative process that guarantees effective electronic management and the achievement of control objectives, in terms of using the business network and completing operations according to planned performance and with the least amount of risk. In fact, administrative control is of two types: over control and under control. .

         The third theme: school administration and change:

         1. The concept of school management:

         The talk about school management requires the beginning of clarifying the concept of school, as it is the real source from which generations graduate who are prepared and qualified. To achieve the aspirations of the nation, we cannot imagine how the school works without a conscious and qualified administration that knows the size of the responsibility entrusted to it, inspired by what is required of it, capable of creativity and innovation.

         From this point of view, the school administration is an educational field that deserves study and research in a way that contributes to its development and increase its effectiveness, due to its carrying out all administrative functions, in addition to its implementation of all procedures and processes that lead to the school playing its role within the educational work system.

         Hence the importance of this part in defining the school administration through its number of elements that will contribute to the evaluation of a clear vision as possible about it and its important role in education.

         (Saeed Muhammad, 2002: 58) defined school administration as “the coordinated efforts undertaken by a team of administrative and technical workers in the school, in order to achieve the educational goals within the school. Sound foundations

         (Ahmed Abed Tantawi, 2008: 29) defined it as “the manner in which a school is run in a society according to its ideology, political, economic, social, geographical and other cultural forces, to achieve its goals, within the context of a climate in which there is a sound human relationship, and concepts tools, and modern methods of education and management to obtain the best results with the least effort, the lowest cost, and the shortest possible time.”

         1. Characteristics of modern school management:

         There are many characteristics that characterize modern school management, future management, or management in the twenty-first century, and they change and develop from year to year. As a result of successive modern changes, Salama Abdel-Azim Hussein 2004: 30 identified the characteristics of modern management as follows:

         1. Purposeful management that depends on objectivity and proper planning.
         2. Positive management so that it has a leadership role in the fields of work and guidance, and does not rely on negatives and rigid attitudes.
         3. Social management so that it It relies on advice, decision-making, and is aware of the public interest.
         4. A humane administration that follows leadership behavior that is based on good treatment of subordinates, their appreciation, and listening to their points of view.
         5. Democratic management relies on An administrative organization in which there is coordination of the efforts of individuals and decision-making, and its philosophy is in line with the social and political philosophy of society.
            1. Introducing administrative technology, moving away from traditional management and using modern methods such as the programmed budget, and the use of information bank networks and computers instead of files
            2. Giving the school administration more powers in making decisions related to school affairs and issues
            3. Encouraging the school administration to create, create, innovate and renew within the general framework of the educational policy without limiting it, and placing it in a framework that restricts its movement. Means, methods and systems that have a positive impact on the students and the curriculum

            Conclusion

            Through this study on electronic management in the Arab countries, it became clear that it has become an urgent necessity to keep pace with the development taking place in developed countries, in terms of the use of information and communication technology. Indeed, the Arab countries have tried to develop specific strategies for the transition to electronic management. next:

            1- The application of electronic administration requires providing the basic requirements for its establishment, such as providing the infrastructure, preparing and qualifying the human element, and enacting the necessary legislation.

            2- The application of electronic administration is reflected in increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of government work, in addition to improving and facilitating the working relationship between the various government departments and citizens.

            3- There is a clear discrepancy between the Arab countries, where some countries were able to succeed in the projects of transition to electronic management and occupied a prominent position in the global ranking, led by the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain.

            4- The Gulf countries are among the leading Arab countries in the field of applying electronic management.

            5- Among the most important obstacles that some Arab countries have encountered, and are still facing, in order to implement electronic management, we mention:

            A- Lack of provision of infrastructure, due to weak financial allocations

            B- Lack of sufficient interest and awareness of the project of applying electronic management by the governments of these countries, and making it a priority for the development of management.

            c- Not to involve all partners in the electronic management project, from government departments, the private sector and civil society, and that this project is not entrusted to only one sector, such as the Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies.

            Recommendations:

            Based on the above, in order for all Arab countries to join the development taking place in the field of applying electronic management, they need:

            1- The necessity of serious and effective interest in the electronic management project at the highest hierarchy in the country, such as the establishment of a supreme body of stakeholders, whether from government agencies or the private sector, in order to ensure strategic planning for the application of electronic management.

            2- The need to expedite overcoming the obstacles that impede the application of electronic management, and to find the necessary solutions for it in some Arab countries, and to try to bridge the digital divide in order to reach what the developed world has reached in this field.

            3- Providing an encouraging investment climate in the field of modern technologies related to information and communication

            4- The need to review successful experiences, whether in the Arab world or in other countries of the world, in order to benefit from them and strengthen the desire to apply electronic management.

            Margins:

            [1] Hammad Mukhtar, The Impact of Electronic Management on Public Utility Management and its Applications in Arab Countries, Masters in Political Science and Relations

            International, University of Algeria, 2007, p. 05.

            [2] Haitham Al-Failakawi, Electronic Government, Kuwaiti National Guard Magazine, Issue 19, Fifth Year, November 2002, p. 50.

            [3] Al-Salmi Alaa Abdel-Razzaq, Electronic Administration, Wael Publishing House, Amman, Jordan, 2008, p. 32.

            [4] Hammad Mukhtar, previous reference, p. 06.

            [5] Ibid., p. 07.

            [6] See more details on these definitions:

            - El-Shayeb Mohamed, Electronic Government as a Mechanism for Consolidating Good Governance, A Study in Applications of the Developed and Developing World, Master's Thesis in Political Science and International Relations, University of Batna, Algeria, 2009, pp. 24-30.

            [7] Radia Sangouqa, The Role of Electronic Administration in Rationalizing the Public Service, Researcher Journal for Academic Studies, Twelfth Issue, January 2018, University of Batna, p. 585.

            [8] Ammar Buhoush, Modern Management Theories in the Twenty-First Century, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, Beirut, 2006, p. 182.

            [9] Smrat means smart, and in essence it summarizes the basic steps of electronic work represented in Simplicity, Morality, Responsiveness, Accountability, and Transparency. See that:

            - Hammad Mukhtar, previous reference, p. 08.

            [10] Radia Sankouqa, previous reference, p. 586

            [11] Abdel-Fattah Bayoumi Hijazi, The Legal System for the Protection of Electronic Government, Part One, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, Alexandria, 2003, p. 106.

            [12] Radia Sanquqa, previous reference, pg. 588.

            [13] Hammad Mukhtar, previous reference, p. 16.

            [14] Ali Al-Sharif, Public Administration - Entrance to Regulations - Arab Renaissance House, Beirut, 1980, p. 523.

            [15] Aban Abdelkader, Challenges of electronic management in Algeria, a sociological study in the municipality of Calitus, the capital, University of Biskra, 2015/2016, p. 82.

            [16] Mowaffaq Jadeed Muhammad, Management - Principles, Theories, Functions, Dar Hamid, Amman, Jordan, 2001, p. 140.

            [17] Aban Abdel Qader, previous reference, p. 82.

            [18] Haitham Mahmoud Shalabi, Marwan Muhammad Al-Nsour, Contemporary Facilities Management, Dar Al-Safaa for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, Jordan, first edition, 2009, p. 446.

            [19] Aban Abdel Qader, previous reference, p. 82.

            [20] Radia Sanquqa, previous reference, pg. 589.

            [21] Aban Abdel Qader, previous reference, p. 83.

            [22] Ashour Abdel Karim, The Role of Electronic Administration in Rationalizing Public Service in the United States of America and Algeria, Master’s thesis, Constantine University, 2010, p. 28.

            [23] Hammad Mukhtar, previous reference, p. 17

            [24] Abdel Fattah Bayoumi Hijazi, previous reference, p. 48

            [25] Aban Abdel Qader, previous reference, p. 73.

            [26] Hammad Mukhtar, previous reference, p. 74.

            [27] The technical infrastructure is divided into two parts: First, the solid infrastructure for electronic business, including land and cellular connections (remotely), computers, and others.

            Second: The soft infrastructure of electronic business, represented in a set of services, information, expertise, software operating systems for networks, and others. See more detail on this topic:

            - Aban Abdel Qader, previous reference, p. 75.

            [28] Hammad Mukhtar, previous reference, p. 28.

            [29] Ibid., p. 31.

            [30] Hamidi Abdel Nour, International Experiences in E-Government, Intervention in the Arabic Language Symposium and the Challenges of E-Management, organized by the Higher Council for the Arabic Language, Algeria, 2016, p. 125.

            [31] The e-government portal www. Bahrain.bh.

            [32] Bazaz Halima, Electronic Government, Presentation and Presentation of the Bahraini E-Government Experience, Sharia and Economics Journal, Volume VII, First Edition, 2018, p. 178.

            [33] E-Government Portal, previous reference.

            [34] Halima's breasts, previous reference, p. 179.

            [35] Same reference, same page

            [36] See the United Nations report on e-government: https: publicad ministration.un.org

            [37] Bashir Abbas Al-Alaq, Electronic Marketing Communications, An Applied Analytical Introduction, Al-Warraq Publishing Corporation, Amman 2006, pg. 77

            [38] Aban Abdel Qader, previous reference, p. 79

            [39] Bashir Abbas Al-Alaq, previous reference, p. 76

            [40] Aban Abdel Qader, previous reference, p. 80

            [41] Al-Salmi Alaa Abdel-Razzaq and Al-Sulaiti Khaled Ibrahim, Electronic Administration, Dar Wael, Amman 2008, p. 305

            [42] Aban Abdel Qader, previous reference, p. 80

            [43] Alawati Lamin, Electronic Management of Human Resources, Arab Economic Research Journal, Center for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut, Issue 2008, p. 148.

            [44] Al-Lawzi Musa, Administrative Development, Dar Wael Publishing, Amman, Jordan, second edition, 2002, p. 235

            4.3/5 - (3 votes)