Mao Zedong: The leader of the "Renaissance of China" or is responsible for the millions of millions?
On October 1, 1949, the late Chinese leader Mao Zedong announced the establishment of the People's Republic of China, which after about 7 decades became one of the fastest and largest countries in the world in terms of exports ever..
China is the most population of the world, and its civilization dates back to 4 thousand years and has created many of the foundations of the contemporary world, including paper, gunpowder, bank credit, compass, paper currency, fireworks, and others.
The People's Republic of China was established after the Communists succeeded in defeating the Komantang forces under the leadership of Chiang Kai Check.After the defeat, Qiang and his followers fled to the island of Formuza (Taiwan), where they founded what they called the National Republic of China, and thus two Chinese states, the People's Republic of China on the Chinese land led by Mao Zedong and the National Republic of China in Taiwan, emerged.
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But China says that Taiwan is an integral part of Chinese lands, and that it must return to the "motherland"..
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But who is Mao Zedong, the founder of the People's China?
The British Knowledge Department says that Mao Zedong was born on December 26, 1893 in the village of Shaoshan in Hunan Province, China, and died on September 9, 1976 in the Chinese capital, Beijing.
The British Knowledge Department describes Mao Zedong as the main Marxist Marxist, the soldier and the state of the state who led the Communist Revolution in his country, and he was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party from 1935 to his death, as he was the President of the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1959.
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Not only was Mao Zedong, the leader of the Chinese revolution and founder of the People's Republic.
"Early" rebellion
The father of the late Chinese leader was a strict farmer built himself until he became a grain dealer.Mao was a young age rebel against his father's strict traditions. While a farmer wanted Mao, Mao wanted more education.
Mao left the house at the age of 13 to go to an elementary school in a neighboring area, and in 1911 the capital of the region arrived to enter the high school.
During that period, the Kingdom of Cheng fell and the Sun Yat -Sun Revolution at its height, and Mao joined the Revolutionary Army unit for a short period (6 months), then he returned to Changsha to decide what would be studying and swing between law, history and business until he settled on teaching to graduate from a school for teachers in 1918.
Communist Party
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He went to Beijing to study at the university, and when he did not have enough money he worked in the university library for 6 months, and he returned to Neshansha to accuse the teaching.
During this period, the Dean of the College, Chen To Hesio, and Library Secretary of Lay Ta Thao, the founders of the Communist Party, were recognized in May 1921.
That year, Yang Kai Hoy married his teacher's daughter, who was executed by the Komantang in 1930, but since 1928 he got acquainted with a young girl, who is Tsu Chen, who had 5 children until he divorced her in 1937, then he married actress Chiang Cheng, who had a major role in the revolution.Cultural later.
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Between 1920 and 1921 Mao was organizing students, merchants and workers to oppose Japan's control of the German concession in the Shandong region, one of the conditions of the Versailles Treaty after the First World War, as he saw it as an insult to Chinese sovereignty and born the feelings of anti -imperialism among Chinese activists.
In 1921 Mao Zedong was the delegate of the Hunan region of the founding meeting of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai.
In 1923, international communism (Commonstin) asked the Chinese Communists to alliance with the National Party (Comtenang), led by Sun Yat Sen, who was seeking to get rid of the adult landowners and unify the country.
In 1924 Mao moved to Shanghai as an official of the Commentang, and a year later he returned to Hunan to organize the peasants' protests, then fled to Canton, the headquarters of the Sun Yat Sen who died in March 1925 and Chiang Kai took over the command of the Komantang.
The British Knowledge Department says that Mao returned in the winter of 1924-1925 to his village Shaoshan to rest.However, after there he witnessed the demonstrations of the peasants that political awareness of the foreign police fired dozens of Chinese in Shanghai (between May and June of 1925), Mao suddenly realized the revolutionary capabilities inherent in the peasants..
Although he was born in a family of farmers, he adopted, during his years of study, the traditional view of the Chinese elite of workers and peasants as ignorant and dirty..He forced him to turn him to Marxism to review his appreciation for the urban proletariat, but he continued to contempt for the peasants.And now he has returned to his country's rural world as a source of China's renewal.
Meanwhile, Qiang, after strengthening its position, expelled the Communists from the leadership and the coalition between the nationalists and the Communists in 1927, so that the Communists returned to the countryside, where a wide base of revolutionary peasants.
Muawiyah
From here, Mao's ideas, which were known in the communist literature later, began as an overestimation and that the revolution cannot be shortened to the working class, but it can be through the farmers, which is what it actually achieved..
The seeds of its enmity to the nationalists and its doubts about the Soviet Union, which later became clear, began its different communist orientation.
In 1927, Mao led a small group of peasants from the Hunan region to the Jiangzi mountainous region, where he and other members of the Communist Party formed a Soviet pattern government and began to form the armies of the Red Army's nucleus that defeated the nationalists after 22 years and defeated them to the island of Taiwan.
With the beginning of the thirties, the Komantang defeated the landowners, united the country and turned to eliminate the Communists.
In 1934, Qiang attacked the stronghold of the Communists in Gianjzi, and they were forced to flee to start the famous major march.Over a period of six thousand miles from the retreat from Jiangzi to the town of Yannazi in the district of Shanszi in the far north, only ten ransoms have survived, which started with eighty thousand.
Over the 10 -year period, Yannan was the stronghold of the Communists, and Mao Zedong became the undisputed Communist leader.
In that period, Mao and his comrades practically practiced what the People's China was built on the basis of it, as the peasants embraced them after distributing the lands and Mao wrote at that time about the adaptation of the Leninist Marxism to suit the Chinese situation and the farmers revolution.
Civil war
In 1937, Japan invaded China and renewed the nationalists and the Communists, their alliance with the encouragement of the Republican forces in the country and the Commonstin..During this period, the Red Army forces increased to one million elements and stretched the Communists' control to about 100 million Chinese..
One year after the withdrawal of Japan, the Chinese entered into a civil war again resolved in 1949 the defeat of the nationalists, and Mao Zedong became the head of the Chinese Communist Party, President of the Flame People's Republic of China and the head of the military committee that leads the People's Liberation Army.
Mao and his companions in the political office of the Communist Party of China began an effort to rebuild China through development plans and revolutions after revolutions.
Mao and Stalin
The British Equity Department says that when the Communists seized power in China, both Mao and Soviet leader Stalin had to use the situation in the best way.Mao traveled in December 1949 to Moscow, where he succeeded two months after the arduous negotiations to persuade Stalin to sign a mutual aid treaty accompanied by limited economic help..
Before Chinese had time to take advantage of the resources available for economic development, they found themselves immersed in the Korean war in support of the pro -Moscow regime in North Korea.
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Here, only Stalin began to trust the Chinese leader and that he was not a Chinese nationalist as he believed, according to Mao Zedong himself.
Despite those tensions with Moscow, the policies of the People's Republic of China in its early years were based in many respects, as Mao later said, on "copies of the Soviets".
While Mao and his companions had experience in the guerrilla warfare, and in mobilizing farmers in the countryside, and in political management at the level of the popular base, they had no direct knowledge of the management of a state or how to achieve widespread economic development, and in such circumstances, the Soviet Union presented the only model available.
Therefore, a five -year plan was developed under the guidance of the Soviet Union, which entered into force in 1953 and the Soviet technical assistance included a number of full industrial facilities..
The jump forward and the cultural revolution
Through initiatives and steps, Mao has accomplished agricultural reform, agricultural cooperatives, and the umbrella of health services and others.
But the major jump initiative between 1958 and 1962, with the aim of developing the industry in China in parallel with agriculture to overcome the achievement of the West, did not pay its fruits and failed in the early 1960s and claimed the lives of 30 million people.
The big jump was an attempt to introduce a "Chinese" shape more on communism, and the goal was to collect the collective mobilization of workers to improve agricultural and industrial production.
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Instead, the result was a tremendous decrease in agricultural production, which led to famine and millions of death.This policy has been abandoned and the position of Mao.Then Mao withdrew from the executive positions, even if he remained head of the party until his death.
In an attempt to reaffirm his authority, Mao launched the "cultural revolution" between 1966 and 1967 with the aim of purifying the country of "non -pure" elements and reviving the revolutionary spirit. These events claimed the lives of one and a half million people and a large part of the country's cultural heritage was destroyed.
In September 1967, when many cities were on the verge.
But the roots of that cultural revolution date back to the fifties of the last century.
The British Knowledge Department says that Mao Zedong and his companions were discussing measures to raise the morale of the intellectuals in order to ensure their participation in building a new China.
Mao has announced the policy of "Let a Hundred flowers open", that is, freedom to express many diverse ideas, designed to prevent the development of a repressive political climate in China similar to that which was based in the Soviet Union under Stalin's rule.
In the face of the disturbances raised by the process of removing the Stalinism in Poland and Hungary, Mao did not retreat, but boldly pushed forward this policy, against the advice of many of his senior comrades, believing that the contradictions that are still present in the country are mainly not hostile.
But when things went out of control and the intellectuals questioned the party's rule, Mao turned against the educated elite that he felt betrayed.
Also, in 1966, Mao's assistants, such as Liu Shaw Ki and Deng Ziao Beng, seemed to ignore his strictness on the issue of class conflict while carrying out development plans, so he launched what was known as the cultural revolution targeting his opponents and taking advantage of the anger of sectors of students who called the Red Guard at the time.
However, the cultural revolution led to turmoil forced him to use the army to eliminate it in 1967, and his ally was then the army commander, Defense Minister Lin Biao, whom Mao decided to nominate him in 1969.
Mao seemed victorious, but his health was deteriorating.His last years have witnessed attempts to build bridges with the United States, Japan and Europe.In 1972, US President Richard Nixon visited China and met Moo.
But the rise of Shaw that Lay and his agreement with Mao that the distance from the Soviet Union requires an openness to America was not acceptable to Lin Piao.In 1971, Lin Piao was killed in a plane crash on his way to escape after he was accused of trying to assassinate Mao.
After the cultural revolution, the pragmatists, led by Deng Ziao Beng had won the tour, but the militants surpassed them after the death of Shaw that Lay in January 1976.
Mao chose a moderate personality to lead the country after him, Hua Joe Feng.After that, Mao died on September 9, 1976.
After the death of Mao in a month, Hua arrested the militants, led by those who knew the four gang, Zang Sean Kiao, Wuang Hong Win, Yao, Yuan, and Cheng Cheng (Mao's wife).
Mao's legacy
The British Knowledge Department says that while the cultural revolution represents a completely logical culmination of the last two contracts, it was in no way the only result of its approach to the revolution, and the judgment should not be based on his work as a whole on that last stage.
Few are the ones who will deprive Mao Zedong of a great share of the credit for creating the pattern of the guerrilla warfare in the countryside, which ultimately led to the victory in the civil war, and thus to overthrow the nationalists and distribute lands to farmers and restore the independence and sovereignty of China.
The British Knowledge Department adds that these achievements must be given weight that is appropriate to the degree of injustice that was prevalent in Chinese society before the revolution and with the humiliation that the Chinese people felt as a result of tearing the states of their state by foreign powers.Mao said in September 1949: "We got up.".These words will not be forgotten.
However, after 1949 Mao recorded more mysterious.The official Chinese view, which was identified in June of 1981, says that the leadership was right until the summer of 1957, but since then it was confused at best and in many cases it was wrong..
There is no disagreement that the main conversion of Mao in his last years, the major leap and the cultural revolution, were wrong and led to severe consequences.
Its goals of fighting bureaucracy, encouraging popularity, and emphasizing China's dependence on the self are worthy of in general, and the manufacturing that began during Mao has already developed a basis for the wonderful economic development of China since the late twentieth century, but the methods that he used to achieve this wereOften violent.
There is no one scale acceptable to the long life and his long life, as how does one balance, for example, between the good achievement of farmers on the ground in exchange for millions of deaths and deaths?How does one balance the real economic achievements after 1949 and the famine that came in the aftermath of the major jump forward or the bloody chaos of the cultural revolution?Perhaps it is possible to accept the official judgment that, despite the "recent mistakes.
In 1981, the Chinese Communist Party announced in its evaluation of the period of Mao's rule and policies that 70 percent of his work was right, while 30 percent was wrong, and called for "not to go into this regard.".
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However, China is still witnessing a controversy about the experience and ideas of its late leader Mao Zedong, who still carries all Chinese coins in his image, as well as the spread of his statues everywhere, and the body of Mao Zedong is still a mummometer in his shrine in the Tian Anne Men Square in the heart of the capitalChinese Beijing.
